Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics. Answer: Introduction: The primary cause of congestive cardiac failure is the decreasing power of the heart muscles in pumping blood (Roger, 2013). In this health condition, blood builds up around the heart and leads to inefficient pumping. The four chambers of heart right and left ventricles and atria within which, oxygenated blood is pumped to different organs through ventricles and atria collects deoxygenated blood from different organs to the heart (Mozaffarian et al., 2016). However, in congestive cardiac failure, the ventricles are unable to pump blood and body starts storing blood inside lungs, abdomen, lower body and liver. In the entire world, more than 23 million people are affected with congestive cardiac failure and the trend has been seen in developing countries having low socio-economic status (Mahmood et al., 2014). The risk factors associated with congestive cardiac failure are high blood pressure, coronary artery disease due to plaque formation that narrows the oxygenated blood concentration, damaged heart muscle due to heart attacks. Further as per the given study, Mrs. Sharon had irregular heartbeats and respiratory rates which is one of the risk factors for congestive cardiac failure (Swedberg et al., 2012). Further, viral infection related heart damage, excessive alcohol usage, increased blood sugar and sleep apnoea are also risk factors associated with congestive heart disorder. Within these, high blood pressure is the primary risk factor associated with the disorder. High blood pressure affects the heart muscle by causing the left ventricular hypertrophy which is basically the thickening of the heart muscle. It makes the relaxation process of heart muscle less effective in between heartbeats and hence heart is unable to fill its compartments with enough blood to reach each organ of the b ody (Heidenreich et al., 2013). The effect of this cardiac disease impacts the patient emotionally as well as physically. As the heart muscles are affected in congestive cardiac failure, the muscles began to form scar tissues. Due to this irregular heartbeats, myocardial rupture, leakage in heart valves and swelling in the sac of heart occurs (Heidenreich et al., 2013). Further, the emotional impact of cardiac failure is also deleterious as it leads to depressive symptoms in the patient as mentioned in the case study, Mrs. Sharon stays with her husband it may impact the health of her husband as he can also lead to develop depressive symptoms. Furthermore, according to Mahmood et al., (2014), the patients family or friends have been seen to develop more psychological impact than the patient and hence, the impact of congestive heart failure on the family of Mrs. Sharon will also be higher. The five common signs and symptoms of Congestive cardiac failure and their pathophysiology are as below: Shortness of breath The syndrome related to Congestive cardiac failure is associated with the improper cardiac structure, rhythm and function. As the heart muscles in this condition is unable to pump enough blood to the organs of body, adequate oxygen delivery to the entire body also gets hampered. Further, due to this, blood and other fluids starts accumulating around other organs such as lungs that eventually leads to shortness of breath even at the resting condition (Ambrosy et al., 2013). Swollen ankles- in this condition, excessive swelling the legs, ankles and hands can be observed. This occurs due to excessive accumulation of fluid in the entire body. This occurs due to the inability of the heart to pump oxygenated blood in the entire body, due to which deoxygenated blood starts accumulating around different portions of body, leading to swollen tissues and veins around the ankle. Therefore, swollen ankle determines the severity of Congestive cardiac failure (Damasceno et al., 2012). Irregular heartbeat and pulse beat irregular heartbeat and pulse beat is the consequence of the hearts inability to pump enough blood and oxygen to the entire body. Hence, the rhythm of heartbeat gets affected and irregularity in heartbeat is witnessed. Further, due to the inability of the veins to reach to the lungs the pulse rate also gets affected (Ambrosy et al., 2013). Nausea In the condition of Congestive cardiac failure, as the maximum of the body fluids and organs are filled with fluids, the person having disorder witness the symptoms of nausea, loss of appetite. Further due to accumulation of blood within the heart compartments, chest pain (mild to severe) can be witnessed that can also lead to nausea (Damasceno et al., 2012). Difficulty in sleeping on a flatbed While suffering from congestive heart failure, the patients are unable to rest on a flatbed as the entire body is filled with fluids that decreases the comfort level on the flatbed. Further due to fatigue, bloating of the entire body including abdomen, ankles, and feet the patient feels uncomfortable while sleeping on a regular flatbed (Ambrosy et al., 2013). The common classes of drugs that have been used in case of Mrs. Sharon and commonly used for other patients having congestive heart failure are digoxin drugs and Furosemide drugs that are used to treat congestive cardiac disease. These drugs have been used in congestive heart failure since a long time and are proven to work effectively to improve patient condition. The Digoxin is one of the primitive drugs that are being used for the congestive heart disease. This belongs to the drug classification of cardiac glycosides containing a plant derived sugar and this sugar is further converted to a sugar and non-sugar component through the process of hydrolysis (Ayalasomayajula et al., 2015). This drug is generated from the foxglove flowering plant and hence, the usage of this drug is associated with very less number of side effects. The mode of action of this drug includes the forceful contraction power it applies on the heart muscle to allow it pump more blood into the body. Further it helps to improve the heart muscle condition and improves the atrial fibrillation condition. This drug should not be used while ventricular fibrillation which is a disorder of hearts lower compartments or ventricles that helps to flow the blood out of the heart and to the entire body (Ellens et al., 2013). Furosemide is a diuretic medicine that is used to prevent the excessive water and salt absorption in the body. This drug helps to excrete the excessive salt present in the body to move to pass through urine. This drug is used in the treatment of edema or retention of fluid in the body which is the prime symptom in the congestive cardiac failure, in which, fluid is accumulated in organs such as kidney, liver and lungs (Stamp et al., 2012). In the given case study, Mrs. Sharon was also suffering from congestive cardiac failure hence, her physician included this category of drug as her medication. The consumption of this drug should be accurate with respect to dosage or strength as high dose can lead to excessive fluid drainage from the body. Further according to Bayrakc?, Ertul Y?lmaz (2012), over dosage of this drug is prohibited as it may cause permanent and irreversible hearing loss. While caring for a critically ill patient it is the primary responsibility of an RN to create a care plan and arrange medical management, pharmacological interventions and surgical management teams so that proper interventions can be applied (Schultz et al., 2013). The nursing care strategies are prioritized according to the complication of the patient so that symptoms, which has the ability to harm the patient most can be eliminated first. In this case of Mrs. Sharon and her congestive cardiac failure should be managed on priority basis as the test results demonstrated that she has accumulated fluids in her body (Feltner et al., 2014). Therefore, in such state, the nursing intervention should include monitoring of the signs and symptoms of the respiratory distress and of the altered cardiac output. Further, evaluation of the fluid status, infection prevention, and administration of prescribed medication and reduction of the cardiac demand should be followed. Moreover, her diet, nutr ition, ingestion of low-sodium food and involving a community care nurse in the process so that overall and optimal health development can be targeted (Feltner et al., 2014). As a RN, I will include a multidisciplinary team in the first 24 hour of Mrs. Sharons congestive heart failure intervention, so that three prime aspect of care can be targeted efficiently. These targets are prevention, medication and assessment of the patients complications (Schultz et al., 2013). For the prevention purpose, the symptoms, severity and association of other diseases will be assessed at first so that medication and interventions for next 24 hours can be finalized. The nursing interventions that will be included in the intervention process are the maintaining fluid intake and output measurements, measuring the fluid restrictions so that accumulation of the fluid can be restricted, administration of drugs to increase the cardiac activity and assessments for diaphoresis and pulmonary edema so that associated disorders can be eliminated (Ayalasomayajula et al., 2015). As the 24 hour related to congestive heart failure are very crucial, prior to the application of medication , all the interventions will be discussed with the multi-disciplinary team and the patient so that medication and intervention can be applied without any manual error. Further, the patients nutritional and mineral related demands will be fulfilled using supplements with the ingestion of diuretics so that systematic and venous congestion can be minimized (Feltner et al., 2014). References Ambrosy, A. P., Pang, P. S., Khan, S., Konstam, M. A., Fonarow, G. C., Traver, B., ... 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