Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics

The field of statistics is divided into two major divisions: descriptive and inferential. Each of these segments is important, offering different techniques that accomplish different objectives. Descriptive statistics describe what is going on in a  population  or  data set. Inferential statistics, by contrast, allow scientists to take findings from a sample group and generalize them to a larger population. The two types of statistics have some important differences. Descriptive Statistics Descriptive statistics is the type of statistics that probably springs to most people’s minds when they hear the word â€Å"statistics.† In this branch of statistics, the goal is to describe. Numerical measures are used to tell about features of a set of data. There are a number of items that belong in this portion of statistics, such as: The average, or measure of the center of a data set, consisting of the mean, median, mode, or midrangeThe spread of a data set, which can be measured with the range or standard deviationOverall descriptions of data such as the five number summaryMeasurements such as skewness and kurtosisThe exploration of relationships and correlation between paired dataThe presentation of statistical results in graphical form These measures are important and useful because they allow scientists to see patterns among data, and thus to make sense of that data. Descriptive statistics can only be used to describe the population or data set under study: The results cannot be generalized to any other group or population. Types of Descriptive Statistics There are two kinds of descriptive statistics that social scientists use: Measures of central tendency  capture general trends within the data and are calculated and expressed as the mean,  median, and  mode. A mean tells scientists the mathematical average of all of a data set, such as the average age at first marriage; the median represents the middle of the data distribution, like the age that sits in the middle of the range of ages at which people first marry; and, the mode might be the most common age at which people first marry. Measures of spread  describe how the data are distributed and relate to each other, including: The range, the entire range of values present in a data setThe  frequency distribution, which defines how many times a particular value occurs within a data setQuartiles, subgroups formed within a data set when all values are divided into four equal parts across the rangeMean absolute deviation, the average of how much each value deviates from the meanVariance, which illustrates how much of a spread exists in the dataStandard deviation, which illustrates the spread of data relative to the mean Measures of spread are often visually represented in tables, pie and bar charts, and histograms to aid in the understanding of the trends within the data. Inferential Statistics Inferential statistics are produced through complex mathematical calculations that allow scientists to infer trends about a larger population based on a study of a sample taken from it. Scientists use inferential statistics to examine the relationships between variables within a sample and then make generalizations or predictions about how those variables will relate  to  a larger population. It is usually impossible to examine each member of the population individually. So scientists choose a representative subset of the population, called a  statistical sample, and from this analysis, they are able to say something about the population from which the sample came. There are two major divisions of inferential statistics: A confidence interval gives a range of values for an unknown parameter of the population by measuring a statistical sample. This is expressed in terms of an interval and the degree of confidence that the parameter is within the interval.Tests of significance or hypothesis testing  where scientists make a claim about the population by analyzing a statistical sample. By design, there is some uncertainty in this process. This can be expressed in terms of a level of significance. Techniques that social scientists use to examine the relationships between variables, and thereby to create inferential statistics, include linear regression analyses,  logistic regression analyses,  ANOVA,  correlation analyses,  structural equation modeling, and survival analysis. When conducting research using inferential statistics, scientists conduct a test of significance to determine whether they can  generalize their results to a larger population. Common tests of significance include  the  chi-square  and  t-test. These tell scientists the probability that the results of their  analysis of the sample are representative of the population as a whole. Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics Although descriptive statistics is helpful in learning things such as the spread and center of the data, nothing in descriptive statistics can be used to make any generalizations. In descriptive statistics, measurements such as the mean and standard deviation are stated as exact numbers. Even though inferential statistics uses some similar calculations — such as the mean and standard deviation — the focus is different for inferential statistics. Inferential statistics start with a sample and then generalizes to a population. This information about a population is not stated as a number. Instead, scientists express these parameters as a range of potential numbers, along with a degree of confidence.

Romantic Essay, The Streetcar Named Desire The Catcher In...

The pieces I have chosen to be apart of my portfolio are the Catcher in the Rye essay, the American rebels powerpoint, the Streetcar Named Desire essay and the Catcher In The Rye fishbowl. I chose to include the Catcher in the Rye essay because it showcased my ability to explain in detail quotes from the book and expand on one idea. I also chose this essay because I got an 82% which I believe is a good grade for a hard essay topic such as the symbolism of the ducks. In addition, I chose the Catcher In The Rye fishbowl because it showed my ability to work cooperatively with my peers and actively listen to one another. Overall I earned a 92% on the fishbowl which is an A-. Lastly, I chose the American Rebels project because I did a very good†¦show more content†¦The piece of writing that showcased my ability to write about nonfiction topics and my ability to put research that I found on the internet into my own words is the American Rebel presentation. Along with a powerpoint presentation, I also wrote an essay about Ida B. Wells that in my opinion showed my ability to also be able to write about true life instead of writing about a book. I have progressed as a writer because now I can not only write fiction, but I can also write non-fiction essays as well. One of the parts of the Ida B. Wells essay that I did very well on was my topic sentences and their relation to the body paragraph. With my topic sentences I got straight to the point of what I was going to be talking about, for example, â€Å"Ida can be viewed as a non-conformist because she fought for black rights and illegal torture†. Then I went on to talk about her fight for black rights. The piece of work that showed I am a good listener and my progress as speaker was the Catcher In The Rye fishbowl. During the fishbowl I engaged in conversation multiple times and gave my ideas to the group. I also listened attentively to my peers during the fishbowl and added on to what they were saying . I earned a score of 56/60 for student participates effectively. This included, using time effectively in the fishbowl, three quotes or passages used and student engages in a

Same Sex Schools vs Co-Ed Schools Free Essays

Summary: The government of Trinidad and Tobago has been proposing the idea to introduce more same co-education schools. Co-education means boys and girls attending the same school and sharing the same classrooms. Although, according to the article students who attend same sex schools academically outperform those in co-educational schools, particularly female same sex schools. We will write a custom essay sample on Same Sex Schools vs Co-Ed Schools or any similar topic only for you Order Now An argument concludes that co-educational schools help with the hidden curriculum of schools. Theoretical Discussion: Education is one aspect of socialization: it involves the acquisition of knowledge and the learning of skills, whether, intentionally or unintentionally, education often also helps to shape beliefs and moral values. (Haralambos 2004). The education system consist of a formal and a hidden curriculum, formal, being the standardized curriculum which professionals are hired to relate the curriculum within a classroom setting and the hidden curriculum are the social attitudes and values taught in school that prepare children to accept the requirements of adult life and to fit into the social, political and economic statuses the society provides. It is generally recognized  that girls do better academically at single sex schools, as do boys. The theory is that because girls mature faster than boys and it can be difficult for teachers to accommodate the differences in development rates in a co-education environment. Other contributing factors are simply that there are fewer distractions for both boys and girls in a single sex environment. Another benefit of a single sex education is the freedom to make educational choices without worrying that you may be the only girl or boy in the class or the threat of judgment because you want to study traditionally masculine subjects like physics and technical drawing, or traditionally girly subjects like literature and home education. The question is; are these single sex schools creating socially enabled persons? A co-educational environment maybe more reflective of society this is because it encourages competition between boys and girls. Both sexes naturally will compete against each other in exams and that competitive spirit will encourage everyone to do their best. Also, it replicates basic opposite sex interaction which is unquestionably present and needed in society, therefore, they get a different perspective of things as well as learn to understand one another better. With the interaction in class, even the shyest student will feel comfortable with the opposite sex and can soon work together normally. Opinion: In my view being in a co-education school does not mean socializing with the opposite sex only. It means that a student can maintain a balance when choosing friends and learn to treat everyone the same. Also, I really think being in a co-educational school promotes better behavior. Boys are naturally rough by nature and girls more gentle. When both sexes interact, the boys tend to tone down their behavior so that the girls will be friends with them. I feel that some boys in single-sex schools do not know how to behave when they meet girls. Some act like hooligans or shy away when, in fact, if they were in a co-educational school, they would be above all that, given the exceptions. Therefore, I think that students from co-educational schools will be more mature and will be quicker to adept to society fulfilling the hidden curriculums with a slight dwindle on the formal curriculum. How to cite Same Sex Schools vs Co-Ed Schools, Papers

The Functions Of The Chorus In Oedipus free essay sample

The King Essay, Research Paper In many Grecian calamities, the Chorus serves an of import function. It is used for many things, such as clear uping the feelings of the characters and to set up and indicate out the significance of facts in the narrative. In Oedipus the King, the Chorus serves these maps, every bit good as to give the reader penetration into the beliefs of the ancient Greeks. The maps of the Chorus are non merely for dramatic intents. The Chorus was foremost used in Grecian calamities for the interest of the audience. In ancient Greece, dramas were performed in big amphitheatres that would sit around 10 thousand people. The histrions had no manner of projecting their voices, so a group of histrions would read the lines together. This made it easier for the whole audience to hear what was being said ( Wat ) . As dramatists developed the constructs of single histrions, the function of the Chorus was reduced. We will write a custom essay sample on The Functions Of The Chorus In Oedipus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, they still had an of import function in the drama. The dramatists used the Chorus to set up facts in the drama, to clear up certain events, to reflect the society # 8217 ; s mentality, to give penetration into a character # 8217 ; s emotions, and to indicate out of import events as they occur ( Wat ) . This is particularly apparent in Oedipus the King. On page nine, the Chorus has its first speaking portion in the drama ( which is known as the parados ) , and it is raising the Gods and inquiring them for aid. A pestilence befell the metropolis of Thebes in which their harvests and people were deceasing. The Oracle of Delphi said that the pestilence would merely stop when the slayer of Laius ( the former male monarch of Thebes ) was found. Here, the Chorus is giving the reader penetration into Grecian civilization: O Prophecy of Jove, whose words are sweet, With what day of reckoning art 1000 sent To glorious Thebes, from Pytho # 8217 ; s gilded place? I am overwrought with fearful admiration, I thrill with panic, and wait reverentially Yea, Io Paean, Delian Godhead, on thee! The Chorus is mentioning to the Prophecy of Jove, or Zeus. It is inquiring why the Gods chose to direct a pestilence to their metropolis. The Chorus is reflecting the society # 8217 ; s feelings about the pestilence, because it says that it is # 8220 ; distraught with fearful admiration # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; bang with terror. # 8221 ; This indicates that the Greeks believe in the authorization of their Supreme beings, and esteem their determinations. This transition besides gives insight into Grecian beliefs by doing mentions to some of the Grecian Gods and goddesses like Artemis, the Goddess of the Moon, and Phoebus, the God of the Sun. After Tiresias, the blind prophesier, tells Oedipus that he is the 1 who killed Laius, he is ferocious. He refuses to believe Tiresias and makes accusals against him and Creon, his ain brother-in-law ( and uncle ) . On page twenty-seven, the Chorus reacts to what merely took topographic point: True, Zeus so, and Apollo are wise, And apprehenders of what concerns mankind ; But that word of a visionary, a adult male like me, Weighs more than mine, for a adult male to value, Is all unsure. In this transition, the Chorus says that even though Tiresias is a prophesier, he is still a mortal adult male. He may be able to see what is traveling to go on in the hereafter and his word may # 8220 ; weigh more # 8221 ; than that of a common adult male, but he does non hold the power of the Gods. Even though Tiresias # 8217 ; word weighs more than a normal adult male # 8217 ; s does, it is still non every bit credible as the word of the Gods. Sophocles could be making this to clearly divide the powers of the Supreme beings from that of a mortal adult male. He could besides be making this to construct suspense in the drama. On page forty-seven of the text, the Chorus is speaking about Oedipus # 8217 ; defect. It is obvious to the reader that Oedipus has certain defects, such as pride, a speedy pique, etc. Oedipus # 8217 ; pride is particularly apparent, because he talks about how he solved the Riddle of the Sphinx and saved Thebes from her. He frequently referred to this and was proud of that and the fact that he became the male monarch of Thebes. The Chorus refers to Oedipus # 8217 ; pride on page 47: Pride is the source of male monarchs ; Pride, when puffed up, in vain, with many Thingss Unreasonable, inappropriate, mounts the wall, Merely to travel rapidly to that fatal autumn, Where pess are conceited to function her. When the Chorus says that # 8220 ; pride is the source of male monarchs, # 8221 ; it is giving its sentiment on Oedipus # 8217 ; character. While the other characters in the drama do non give a direct sentiment of Oedipus, the Chorus does. Its sentiment of Oedipus gives insight into his character and may act upon a reader # 8217 ; s sentiment of him. The maps of the Chorus in Greek calamity are really of import. Without the Chorus, the drama would non hold every bit much lucidity and extra information to assist the reader understand what is traveling on. Overall, the Chorus helps to add more play and significance to the drama.

Television Sending The Wtong Message Essays - Human Sexuality

Television: Sending The Wtong Message Television: Sending the Wrong Message Everyday, human beings make assumptions by what they can see physically. Even in the supermarkets, they distinguish good products from bad products based on how those products look. Being a human, I would say we are apt to choose good-looking products because they don't have flaws, cracks, and bruises. Those good products are shaped nicely, colored and look great. Moreover, we assume those products to have good qualities and good tastes. However, we pick things because of their beauty. This is due to human nature. Part of the development of human nature is brought on through television. Since people judge human beings based on how they look, it is called discrimination. Unfortunately, the society we live in benefits beautiful people more than physically unattractive people who could end up with better qualities. Therefore, advantages enjoyed by those beautiful people are countless. We like to expect to be treated equally, but we are not treated as the same in the real world. I believe judging people based on their appearance only disadvantages those people. Success must depend on effort, talent, and intelligence. As long as we can't stop discriminating against people based on appearance, we can't achieve positive opportunity and real success. There is the question of how to change the system of unfair treatment based on appearance. Watching commercials on television, lots of people have had cosmetic surgery on their skin. Some religious beliefs teach their people that altering their body is profane because bodies are gifts from god. However, cosmetic surgery introduces us to cutting edge technologies. People have surgery performed simply to improve their appearance. 2 Some Americans believe gaining acceptance in society is by looking a certain way. The benefits for those people are success in their careers, marriage with rich men, and more chances to become popular amongst society. Being beautiful is helpful in regards to acceptance in society, especially for women. Men who like beautiful women around them often influence women. It's a man's world in today's society. Women do too much to impress those men. Cosmetic surgery is a reflection of the society where beauty is stratified. I don't think cosmetic surgery is a good resolution to achieve fair treatment from the society because it doesn't overthrow fundamental problem. Today, women have more jobs available. In some instances, women meet difficulties to get jobs or to succeed because they are not beautiful. Some women have cosmetic surgery to improve their appearance. Others may struggle from unfairly treatments without the surgery. It is difficult to stop people from thinking of beauty. However, through time, one can learn that beauty is recognized within the inner soul. Humans use the television commercials and shows to influence their values on how they define beauty. The media sends us beautiful images, which leads to stereotypical behavior. Beautiful images regarding the media are implanted in our mind unconsciously. As much as I can see from TV commercials, I get lots of sexual, unfair, and discriminated messages of being beautiful. Slim and beautiful women are representing slim fast commercials. There are also the muscular, handsome men showing how easy it is to exercise with certain equipment. We have to eliminate these stereotypical messages of being perfect with the way we look. 3 People tend to struggle from unfair treatment based on their appearance due to discrimination. In my opinion, being beautiful is a challenge that every human being attempts in his or her lifetime. I think the norm on how Americans define beauty, is affected entirely by the environment. The culture of the society may never be corrected with what is truly valued in life, spirit. As Americans, we can free ourselves by trying to eliminate those stereotypical messages of being beautiful and perfectly shaped taken from the television. Real success is through achieving goals, whether it is a certain career or a look. People must attempt to understand that those acting on television may be beautiful on the outside, but not on the inside. Focusing on what exactly a person does while watching television is interesting. Once a person sits in front of the television set, he or she becomes quickly stimulated and amazed by the intense sound and picture. Suddenly forgetting about the real world, the

Native American Abuse essays

Native American Abuse essays Imagine your country had been invaded by a very powerful group of people. Before anything drastic could be done these people had invaded your shores and had creeping inward upon your land. At first they acted with scorn and called us names and disrespect. After several groups of our people revolted against these invaders they decided to negotiate certain terms with us. Then after thinking all was well many of these agreements were broken and they started to ship us like freight to areas where they could hold a lot of our kind while they abuse and take over our country/land. We tried to fight back but it was useless, we were at their strong armys demise. It is sad that such atrocities were done to perform an act of genocide on our people. Though you might assume this is an excerpt from a Jew during the holocaust those oppressed are Native Americans and the cruel invaders are none other than the U.S. Government and Army. While many revere (including ourselves) the United States as a world superpower and a role model to other countries is it so quickly forgotten of our own Holocaust? (Actually there are two; one killing 40 to 60,000,000 Africans, and one killing 100,000,000 Native Red Peoples). Hitler himself often expressed his admiration for the expediency in which the American Christians removed the Native Americans and gave them mass graves like the one in Wounded Knee, South Dakota. If this is so how can we even bare to criticize and severely punish those who follow in Hitlers example and ways if us ourselves still havent fully paid the dues to the extent of our crimes? The treatment of Native Americans in the U.S. is on of the most forgotten atrocities in our history. Calling ourselves Americans is basically a l ie since we are not Natives to this land. Some even try to justify these actions on Natives by pointing out that the Native Americans had attacked and raided on A ...

Solution and explain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Solution and explain - Essay Example Hence OpenBSD is recommended for servers. FreeBSD, a product of Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), is a PC compatible operating systems(OS) which can support Intel x86 family(IA-32) including MS Xbox and other systems like AMD 64, PowerPC and NEC PC-98 architectures. It is termed as a complete OS. The kernel, device driver and all sort of utilities like shell are incorporated in the one source code revision tracking tree(CVS). This OS is well known for its reliability and robustness. It has also been noticed in the long use of this OS that "no crashes have occurred and that no kernel updates have been deemed necessary, as installing a new kernel requires a reboot and resets the uptime counter of the system." (FreeBSD). Hence it is best OS for desktop systems considering its reliability and compatibility and ability of reporting uptime precisely. Formulating a data backup policy ensures data security from unexpected hazards. It is applied to safeguard the information resources that prevent data loss or data corruption. Data loss can expected any time by "an accidental deletion or corruption of data, system failure, or disaster". (Purpose and Scope: Data Backup Policy 2007).

The Presidents of the United States Movie Review

The Presidents of the United States - Movie Review Example His entry in the office is in a period when the country is facing crisis over the question of expansion of slavery into new western territory. Southern extremists threaten succession if the rule is in favor of the Northern evolutionists. The passing Bills to link California as a free state with slavery measures favorable to the South does not please everyone; including President Taylor. He passes on from an inflation of the intestines (David). In 1991, his descendants gave a green light towards exhuming his body. Forensic analysis reveals no signs of foul play and determines cholera as the likely cause of death. His vice president assumes the presidency. He is Taylor’s opposite and a tool to balance the ticket geographically and politically. He is a Northerner, who aims to please and appease rather than lead. He reverses the policies of his predecessor by signing the compromise of 1850 into law, supporting slavery. He believes its abolishment will give rise to the collapsing of the southern economy; with slavery as an accelerator. He believes the constitution protects slavery issues. He hopes to please everyone for his support for the compromise but fails in 1852 presidential elections (David). A Northern Democrat with strong political ties to the South. He is a social and political butterfly. His election to the presidency is poor timing. He seems to be emotionally unstable after the loss of his only son in a train wreck shortly after his election. He is a troubled man who seeks the approval of others. His vice president William passes within two weeks after the inauguration. He defends slavery as an admitted right to favor Southerners (David). In 1854, he twisted arms to win passage of Kansas-Nebraska act. It repeals the ban on slavery and allows the people to make an informed choice concerning the issues. This result produces much blood shade, and the democrats drop him from the

Bechtel Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Bechtel Corporation - Essay Example Its signature projects include: the Bay Area Rapid Transit; Channel Tunnel & Rail Link; Cingular wireless expansion; Hong Kong International Airport; Hoover Dam; Hurricane Katrina disaster relief; Iraq reconstruction; Jubail Industrial City; Kuwait oil fires; Tacoma Narrows Bride; and the Three Mile Island cleanup. The firm remains a privately owned business. It now has its headquarters in San Francisco, with offices worldwide employing 53,000 employees. Its 2011 revenues amount to USD$32.9 billion, and its new contract awards are valued at US$53 billion (Bechtel Corp.com., 1). The company continues to grow its revenues and projects, but faces a possible weakening of the economy the in the coming years which may adversely affect the construction industry (O’Connor, 1), Bechtel included. General Statement of Results Bechtel is one of the leading international construction firms. It has developed competitive competencies in various other specialized but fields. Supporting this special capability is the firm’s commitment to ethical business principles, quality of output, and safety of employees and customers. The company’s policies are people-centric, placing emphasis on the welfare of customers, employees, suppliers, and the community above the prospects of profits. Its leadership is value driven, both within and outside the organization, as evident in Bechtel’s mentoring program that has midway in its second decade. Objectives are set by management with the participation of the organization’s stakeholders, and performance measures. Quality of inputs is ascertained by a system of registration of suppliers who are oriented and trained according to Bechtel’s standards. ... General Statement of Results Bechtel is one of the leading international construction firms. It has developed competitive competencies in various other specialized but fields. Supporting this special capability is the firm’s commitment to ethical business principles, quality of output, and safety of employees and customers. The company’s policies are people-centric, placing emphasis on the welfare of customers, employees, suppliers, and the community above the prospects of profits. Its leadership is value driven, both within and outside the organization, as evident in Bechtel’s mentoring program that has midway in its second decade. Objectives are set by management with the participation of the organization’s stakeholders, and performance measures. Quality of inputs is ascertained by a system of registration of suppliers who are oriented and trained according to Bechtel’s standards. Technology is at a premium in Bechtel, with several of the innovati ons the company intended for application in the construction industry being accorded recognition through prestigious international awards. Work procedures at the company have consistently stressed quality but not at the expense of employee and customer safety. As with all firms, however, Bechtel has problems with its unions, and accusations of cronyism and taking advantage of Iraq’s destruction as a result of the U.S.-led invasion, since it received one of the first and largest contracts in Iraq. It appears from this that Bechtel’s very competence and success has been the cause of aspersions levelled at its reputation. Analysis (positive or negative impact, especially positive consequences) a. Policy Bechtel’s vision is to be the world’s premier engineering, construction, and project

An Investigation of the Recruitment and Selection Procedures

An Investigation of the Recruitment and Selection Procedures INTRODUCTION In any organization the most vital organ is human recourses. In the organizations effective functioning the employees play an important role. In the todays business atmosphere, the main challenge of the managers is the selection of the right candidate, then development of the candidate and the retention of the candidate in the organization. Human resources have the potential to take an organization to the sky of success. Human resource management is designed to improve the employees performance and effectiveness in the fulfillment of the aims of the organization. The recruitment of the effective, efficient and deserving candidates is very difficult task for the human resource department of the company. The human resource policy regulates the task of the recruitment in the organization. The recruitment process is based on the requirement of the organization. The human resource department should also be effective enough to recruit the capable candidates. This dissertation will explains the processes and procedures involved in the Selection and Recruitment in Tata Teleservices Ltd. (TATA Docomo). LITERATURE REVIEW The human resource department is responsible for the selection and recruitment of the effective, eligible and capable candidates for the organization. The decision of the human resource department to recruit one wrong candidate can prove fatal for the organization, in terms of money, time and reputation of the company. To avoid this mistake, the organizations have already developed the new methods and ways of selection and recruitments. There should be proper planning and proper policy for the selection of the candidates. Recruitment Recruitment involves the search and stimulation of the candidates to apply the vacancies in the organization. The increase in productivity, morale, wages, etc can be achieved with the proper planning of selection and recruitment process. As the recruitment process acts as the stimulant to the candidates to apply the vacancies in the organization, so it is regarded as the positive process. Sources of Recruitment There are two sources of recruitment Internal b) External Internal Sources The internal recruitment is the process of the identification of the potential candidates who are currently working in the organization who can fulfill the requirements of the new vacancies in the organization. In this the current employees are offered the new vacant positions, like promotion of the employee to the higher post which is vacant. This also boosts up the morale of the other employees and they also perform well to get the promotion to the higher post. There are internal advertisements for the information of the employees. External Sources The human resource departments of the organizations are dependent on the external sources. The main external sources are as follows: Information Commercials. It is the way to inform the potential candidates about the recruitment process through the print media like newspapers, magazines, journals, pamphlets, posters etc. these are also called as recruitment advertisements. These helps in spreading the information to millions of people at one time. The job seeking candidates responds to such advertisements very quickly. Employment Organizations. These are also the efficient source for the inflow of the capable candidates for the vacant posts in the organization. These employment agencies initially interviews the candidates, then if they are found fit for the vacant post only then they are referred to the recruiting organization. This makes the process of recruitment simpler for the organization as the organization need to deal with only capable persons. Generally, these recruitment organizations charge fees from the employer but sometimes they also charge from the candidates also. It depends on the organization to organization. Colleges and Universities. The process of recruitment of the candidates directly from the colleges and universities is known as the on campus recruitment drive. It is often executed whenever there is need of the professional qualified and technically sound candidates for the vacant posts. Referrals In this, the current employees forward the credentials of the candidates who are capable and eligible for the vacant posts in the organization. The employees are free to recommend the candidates for the vacant posts. This the effective method as company gets the necessary information regarding the capabilities of the candidates referred from the existing employees. This also increases the favoritism and it can lead in degrading the morale of the employees. Casual aspirants. There are the candidates who themselves visit the organization and drop their resumes in the organization. Whenever the posts are generated the organization also considers them. Labor Unions. There are some occupations which recruits the candidates referred by the labor unions, like maritime, hotels and construction companies. This source is chosen by the organization because it is the in-expensive method of recruitment. The Recruitment Procedure Whenever the vacancy is generated in the organization then the human resource department starts the process of recruitment. There are predefined steps in this process. in these steps the qualification and capabilities of the candidates is tested to find out whether they are eligible or not for the certain vacancy. Execute job analysis. With the generation of the new vacancy, it is necessary to know about the job and its requirements only then the human resource department can recruit the suitable candidates for that particular job. In this analysis the task and duties are identified which is required by the particular job. This process involves three steps: The environment analysis, where the man power will work; Determination and identification of the responsibilities and duties to be discharged. The identification of the tasks involved in the particular job. Job Description Designing It is the written document which houses the objectives, aims, the tasks, duties and responsibilities involved in the particular job, the requirements which are needed for the fulfillment of the objectives of the job. These written documents is helpful the suitable employee selection, in their training and orientation processes. It provides the directions to the new employees also. This job description helps the HR department and the employee both in the achievement of the desired tasks to fulfill the organizations goals. Development of the specifications of the particular job The job specifications and description both are necessary in understanding of the job. One the description is written then comes the specifications it includes that what kind of employee will be suitable for this particular job, what skills that employee should have in himself/herself. The education and technical skills needed to do the particular job. Attracting the applicants It is one of the important steps in the recruitment. The success in future can be determined by the attraction power of the organization which attracts the applicants to apply for a particular job in that organization. This attraction power is totally dependent on the recruitment sources adopted by the organization. SELECTION When the required number of applicants applies for the particular job, then the process of the selection of the right candidate begins. The selection process ensures that the best suitable candidates in terms of skills, education and experience should be chosen for the particular job. The selections main goal is to match the job requirements with the persons individual characteristics. The candidates selected in the selection process should be confident enough to meet the goals of the organization. Selection Method Selection method is the positive elimination process, which eliminates the candidates who are not suitable and eligible for the particular job. It means the job requirement does not match with individuals characteristics. This method should be designed to gather all the information about the candidates. The candidate is declared to be selected only if he/she qualifies all the steps involved in the selection process. It can be fatal for the organization if it chooses the wrong candidate for the particular job. The wrong selection attracts the increase in expenses, wastage of the time of organization. To avoid such situation the well planned process should be designed. The reception of the applicants, the different departments inform the human resource departments about vacancies to be filled in their department and inform them about the skills needed by the candidates to apply for these vacancies. When the department receives the applications from the candidates, then the process of selection is started. Preliminary/First Round Screening, In this step, the instant assessments of the applicants capabilities are judged by the human resource department employees. Here the candidates who do not meet the requirements of the job description are eliminated in this step. This is the candidates first interaction with the company. This step reduces the time of the selection process as the unsuitable candidates are shunted out in this and only eligible candidates are qualified for the next process. These interviews are of short durations. The human resources executives execute these interviews. Here the interviewers get the desired application forms filled from the candidates. This steps works on the mechanism of the filter, here the capable candidates are kept and rest is shunted out. Application Blank, The qualified candidates of the first steps enters the second step, here the candidates properly fill up the formal applications, these applications forms are specially made by the human resource executives to get the proper information about the candidates. The following fields are present in the application forms Identification information such as gender, name, fathers name, marital status, number of dependents, weight, height etc. Educational qualifications e.g., schooling, colleges, graduation, post graduation details, languages proficiency etc. Professional Experience. Status of health. Achievements and awards References Psychological factors e.g., salary expectation, previous job leaving reasons etc. Tests for the selection The tests for the selection are designed to get the quotient level of the candidates which cannot be assessed from the application forms. Some to tests for the selection are as follows:- Intelligence tests. An intelligence test explores alertness, comprehension and reasoning abilities of the applicants. Through these tests, managers can predict the future job performance of the applicant. Questions in intelligence tests are job-oriented, and abstract. Personality tests. These tests measure certain characteristics such as emotional maturity, sentiments, conflicts, ascendance, social ability, objectivity etc of a candidate. Whether a candidate is having a sick personality or healthy personality can be determined by these tests. Aptitude tests. It is very important to know as to whether the selected candidate will be capable of learning the job or not. Tests designed to measure the learning capacity of the candidates are known as aptitude tests. They measure whether an individual has the hidden ability to learn a given job, if he is given adequate training. Performance or work sample tests. Such tests are a means of measuring practical ability on a specific job. In performance or work sample tests, the applicant completes some job activity under structured conditions. For instance, a person who has applied for the post of a service representative may be asked to handle a stimulated situation involving a complaining customer. Although they can be costly if special facilities and equipment are needed, performance tests, when devised to closely reflect important aspects of the job, tend to be valid predictors of future performance. Dexterity tests. These tests aim to measure the swiftness with which the prospective employer can make use of various body parts e.g., ability to move hands, eyes etc. Sometimes due to nature of job, these tests become essential. Limitations Tests cannot be relied upon in isolation. Many qualifications and abilities of the candidates can be known at the time of interview or training. It is not possible to predict the success of the candidate on the basis of such tests. Tests have also a high margin of error through it is generally believed that the results are exact and accurate. Comprehensive Interview, A comprehensive interview or an in-depth interview is most delicate aspect of the selection procedure. The information about the candidate which cannot obtained from the application blank, tests and group discussion, may be secured easily if the interview is planned well in advance and is conducted by the interviewer tactfully. Checking References, An applicant may be asked in the application blank to supply two or more references Characteristic reference b) Experience Reference. These references provide information regarding the behaviour of the applicant. A notable limitation of the method is that it lacks standardisation and objectivity. It is natural in case of character reference to give names of references of only those persons who would always write favourably for the applicant. It is very rare to get a frank opinion about the candidate. The other sources to get information about the candidate are professors from whom candidate has studied, colleagues with whom candidate had worked. References may be checked by mail, telephone or a personal visit may be arranged. Approval by the Concerned Department, The candidate is then sent to the line manager for the approval. The personnel department cannot take a final decision regarding selection because the candidate has to actually work under the line managers who are directly responsible for the results of an organisation. At this stage, it is not in the interest of the company to reject the candidate. Instead he may be sent to some other departments. Physical Examination, Only those candidates should be selected who are physically fit. It may not be the last step in the selection process if physical as well as mental fitness is of utmost importance. Physical examinations are designed to ensure that the candidate can perform effectively in the position for which he or she is applying to protect other employees against contagious diseases, to establish a health record for the applicant and to protect the organization against unjust compensation claims. Making the Selection, The applicants who qualify in the selection test, interview, reference check and physical examination are now considered to be eligible to receive an offer of employment. Usually an appointment is made on probation in the beginning. The probation period may range from two months to two years. If the work and conduct of the employee is found satisfactory, he may be confirmed. It is also in the interest of the organization to prepare a waiting list and inform the candidates, in case a person does not join after being selected, the next person on the waiting list may be called. METHODOLOGY Research in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. The advanced learners dictionary of current English lays down the meaning of research as a careful investigation of enquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge. Research Design A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. JOHN.W.BEST Research may be defined as any organized inquiry designed and carried out to provide information for solving a problem. EMORY Research is essentially an investigation, a recording and an analysis of evidence for the purpose of gaining knowledge. ROBERT ROSS Descriptive Research Design Descriptive research design studies are those studies, which are concerned with describing the character of a group. The researcher makes a plan of the study his research work. That will enable the researcher to save and resources such a plan of study or blue print or study is called a research design. Data Collection The study was based on questionnaire method. The study was about the Recruitment and Selection System at Tata Teleservices Ltd. and find out the effectiveness of recruitment. There are two types of data collection: Primary data Secondary data Primary data The primary data are those, which are collected a fresh and for the first time happen to be original in character. It has been collected through a Questionnaire and personal interview. Secondary data Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else and which have already been passed through the stratified process. It has collected through the manuals, journals Internet. CONCLUSION The Recruitment and Selection Process is one of the basic HR processes. Recruitment Selection is very sensitive as many managers have a need to hire a new employee and this process is always under a strict monitoring from their side. HR management is a part of every managers responsibilities. These responsibilities include placing the right person in the right job, and then orienting, training, and compensating to improve his or her job performance. Tata Teleservices uses two sources of recruitment internal and external source. But they prefer internal source because it gives opportunity to employees within the organization. After recruitment Selection process takes place. This entails establishing the best fit between job requirements and the candidates profile. Selection process includes screening, interview and various tests. Then offer is made to the candidate if he/she accepts it employee undergone through various pre- employment activities like reference check, medical tests, etc. It is imperative to have an efficient and responsive tracking mechanism to evaluate the impact of recruitment on the topline and bottomline. Metrics not only help in evaluating the robustness of internal processes but also provide inputs on customer satisfaction and vendor evaluation parameters. Various metrics like quality metrics, time metrics, cost metrics Review process is used to find out the effectiveness of recruitment processes. TIMESCALE FOR DISSERTATION Task Start Date End Date Title, aim, objectives Done Done Literature Review Questionnaire Preparation Distribution, interviews Data Collection Data Analysis Conclusion References

evolution of the horse Essay -- essays papers

evolution of the horse ï » ¿For many people, the horse family remains the classic example of evolution. As more and more horse fossils have been found, some ideas about horse evolution have changed, but the horse family remains a good example of evolution. In fact, we now have enough fossils of enough species in enough genera to examine details of evolutionary change. Evolution does not occur in a straight line toward a goal, like a ladder; rather, evolution is like a branching bush, with no predetermined goal. Horse species were constantly branching off the evolutionary tree and evolving along various unrelated routes. There’s no discernable straight line of horse evolution. Many horse species were usually present at the same time, with various numbers of toes, and adapted to various diets. In other words, horse evolution had no inherent direction. We only have the impression of straight line evolution because only one genus happens to still be alive, which deceives some people into thinking that the one genus was somehow the target of all the evolution. Instead, that one genus is merely the last surviving branch of a once mighty and sprawling bush. Tracing a line of descent from Hyracotherium to Equus reveals several apparent trends: reduction of toe number, increase in size of cheek teeth, lengthening of the face, and increase in body size. But these trends are not seen in all of the horse lines. On the whole, horses got larger, bu...

Canadian Diamonds, Back in the Rough

At this point in time, the then lucrative diamond business in Canada is suffering a rough blow as the Canadian dollar continuously increases versus the U.S. dollar, as several investors back out their support for the diamond business, and as the U.S., the largest consumer of diamonds, undergo recession. The popularly known diamond mogul, De Beers, was strained by the escalating Canadian dollar and its results to construction costs. These factors led De Beers to sell off their assets in Canada that amounts to nearly $ 1 billion U.S. dollars. (Hoffman, 2008) The representative of De Beers based in Canada, Derek Teevan, justified the decision of investors to withdraw from the diamond sector. He argued that the costs for operating a diamond business is sustained in Canadian currency, which is higher compared to its cost in U.S. dollars. In addition, diamonds are bought in U.S. dollars. This spells out an unprofitable diamond business. According to Mr. Lindsay, president of Teck Cominco Ltd., the diamond sector will suffer until such time that costs are regulated within five years. As of press time, negotiations continue as Teck Cominco Ltd. attempt to purchase Canada’s diamond businesses. (Hoffman, 2008) The author reveals the major concern of the Canadian diamond sector. Based on research and recent information about diamond investors and businesses in Canada, the author was trying to inform his readers about the declining diamond sector and the effect that the rising dollar posits in this issue. The concerns that were presented in the article is of importance to businesses who are planning to invest in the Canadian diamond sector thus, needing to be well-informed about the economic standing of the different business sectors in the country. Atlantic Premiers Sign Energy Framework The premiers in New Brunswick have released a statement indicating their attempts to develop Maritime’s access to Labrador’s hydro resources. According to them, the Maritime’s use of these resources is cost-effective and is instrumental in the minimization of their dependence to fossil fuels that originate from other parts of the globe. This would be possible through the Lower Churchill Falls Project. The premiers and cabinet ministers in Canada drafted and signed an outline that contains the concepts aligned with the project. They also requested for the help of the members of each province to further their aims and objectives. (Tutton, 2008) The premier of New Brunswick has been communicating ideas about the transfer and generation of energy through the use of undersea cables with the premier of Newfoundland. If this pushes through, they would be expecting to spend as much as $ 25 million every year in the area alone. However, they are not keeping their options closed as they are thinking about energy transfers through Quebec and Ontario. If the transmission of power from Labrador to Maritime pushes through, this would mean that New Brunswick should establish more transmission capacity. (Tutton, 2008) The issues in this essay tackle the program drafted and signed by Atlantic premiers in order to develop the transmission of energy through the utilization of under sea cables. In addition, it also provides substantial information that states the advantages and disadvantages of the Lower Churchill Falls Project particularly in New Brunswick. Several options are available in this scenario and Shawn Grahm, the new premier of New Brunswick, should be able to go with a plan that is cost-effective and supportive of the interests of the area. Trucking Industry Facing Challenges The recently elected president of Atlantic Provinces Trucking Association, Gordon Peddle, has claimed the development and enhancement of the image of the trucking business as one of his objectives during his term in office. The image of the trucking industry, as well as the improvement of the quality of service provided by these companies is the main concerns of APTA. (The Special Features Staff, 2008) Despite the flourishing financial statements of other people in the business all over the world, the trucking industry based in News Brunswick has been suffering too. This is due to the fact that the trucking industry is a very difficult business to handle. One of the primary reasons for the decline of the trucking industry is those people who leave the trucking business for higher income rates, thus leading to the lack in personnel. Another reason is that the increasing Canadian dollar versus the U.S currency influences the high costs of materials and parts that are used in developing trucks. As the new chairman of APTA, Peddle is putting on great efforts to solve this problem by collaborating with the Human Resources Sector and Trucking Human Resources Sector, and by being open to applications from foreign truck drivers. (The Special Features Staff, 2008) The author presents the readers the challenges that Peddle will be facing during his rule as the new chairman of APTA. There are a lot of issues that need to be addressed in order to enhance and improve the trucking industry and with the challenges that are ahead, Peddle must be on his toes in order to achieve his aims, objectives, and general plan of action. The article would be instrumental in evaluating whether Peddle would be capable of addressing the needs of the trucking industry through comparison of past experiences and the new trucking industry under Peddle. Go West, Gang Members: Alberta Attracts Drug Dealers The growing economy of Alberta due to its oil market has attracted numerous investors. So much so, that even businesses who operate illegally are putting up their industry in the area. These illegal business enterprises involve gangs who thrive in Alberta because of the high demand for prohibited drugs and substances, such as cocaine. This has been the trend since 1977, as the Edmonton Police Department has strived hard to track down gangs and gang members in their efforts to eradicate drug pushing, trafficking and addiction in their area, thus leading to lower occurrences of crimes. (Chiang, 2008) To address this issue, the Edmonton Police Department has been collaborating with the RCMP in order to identify immigrants and determine whether they are involved in gangs and illegal businesses. They have also conducted an undercover operation that revealed a laboratory that manufactures ecstasy and cocaine that are sold in Alberta. (Chiang, 2008) The author reveals the effects of a booming economy to the increase in crime rates and occurrences in an area. People will be well informed that even if a country is successful in attracting investors that would further the stand of the economy, the price that the people would have to pay for this is the rising occurrences of crimes, such as drug trafficking and pushing. (Title Goes Here) The rising Canadian dollar has yet again proved its detrimental effects to the manufacturing industry in the country. As the dollar rises, lay offs would be implemented to cut the rising cost of manufacturing. Lay-offs will be done in the marketing industry in order to lessen the company’s expenses on wages for manpower services. However, on a positive note, the decline in the manufacturing industry has caused the improvement of the employment rate in the country. This fact is evident through the statistics interpreted starting 2001 until 2006. Professionals agree that the rise in employment would continue to improve in the following years. (Yew, 2008) The rising employment rate in Canada is due to the fact that new occupations are being opened for the benefit of the employment sector to compensate for the losses in employment in the manufacturing industry. In addition, new occupations are being opened for unemployed people because of the global changes, improvement and development which are highly in need of skilled employees who could be absorbed to work under a specialized job description. In contrast to the nature of manufacturing jobs, more people have been studying and working to enter jobs in the health care industry, social welfare and development organizations, finance services, mining and energy industries, which as of press time have experienced a high increase in employment. Canada has put its efforts to replace manufacturing jobs with jobs that are more profitable and adheres to technological learning and advancement. Â  (Yew, 2008) The advantages of the decline in employment opportunities in the manufacturing industry are revealed in the article by the author. This is a known advantage of having the dollar rise above the U.S. dollar. The surfacing of other occupations in the employment sector allows career development for the people. References Chiang, C. (2008). Go west, Gang Members: Alberta attracts drug dealers. Retrieved March 22, 2008, from Hoffman, A. (2008). Canadian Diamonds: Back in the Rough. Retrieved March 22, 2008, from The Special Features Staff. ( Tutton, M. (2008, January 19). Atlantic Premiers Sign Energy Framework. The Canadian Press, p. C2. Yew, M. A. (2008, March 5). Toronto Star, p. B 1

Does Darwinism Refute Creationism

Does Darwinism Refute Creationism Where did we come from? This age old question has developed into quite a controversy. Did we evolve over millions of years from tiny microscopic organisms explained through a precise theory of macroevolution, or is the Bible correct and G-d created us in the last 24 hours of his entire creation process? No one person knows the truth. Different theories have been presented and many seem like logical explanations to what could have happened. The two most plausible and well-known theories are that of Evolution and Creationism. Creationism, the belief of many religious cultures, is based upon the idea that the Bible is and should be taken literally in the aspect that G-d created all living things, including mankind, from nothing, in six days. The contrasting opinion is that of evolution. Evolution, defined in the Oxford Concise Science Dictionary, is the "... process by which the present diversity of plant and animal life arose from the earliest and most primitive organisms, which is bel ieved to have been continuing for the past 3000 million years" (Oxford).Charles Darwin as a young man, probably subsequent...Both theories are widely known and many organizations have been founded with the intent of discovering the truth to humanity's origin.The initial theory of Creationism has progressed into many different theories of creation. These theories are divided into 4 less specific theory categories in an essay presented by a student at the University of Wisconsin in Milwaukee, "(1) six-day creationism, (2) progressive creationism, (3) theistic evolution and, (4) the gap theory." In the first theory, the Biblical text is taken literally when it proclaims the earth was created in six days. This theory is also called young-earth creationism because it wouldmean that the earth has only existed for 6 thousand years. The theory of " recent creationism [six-day theory] relies on 'creation with...

Srebrenica - July 13 to July 18 1995, one of the worst massacres in the late twentieth century

Srebrenica - July 13 to July 18 1995, one of the worst massacres in the late twentieth century According to Sabrina Ramet "From June 1991 to December 1994 between 200.000 and 400.000 people had died as a result of the war between Serbs and non Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina" (Balkan Babel, 269). During the same period of time, at least 2.7 million people have been reduced to refugees. Arguably, one of the worst massacres in the late twentieth century took place from July 13th to July 18th 1995 in Srebrenica. Within these five days, approximately 8000 defenseless civilians were executed by the Serbian military. The vast majority of the survivors experienced extensive physical and mental abuse. Brutal torture, psychological hardship and the images of ruthless assaults onto unarmed civilians have forced survivors to live in constant fear and agony for the rest of their lives.English: Skull of a victim of the July 1995 Srebre...Srebrenica is located in the central East part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the population mostly consisted of Muslim believers. The people of this to wn surrendered all their weapons to the UN military, in return to be protected by the UN forces if they were attacked by the Serbian army. There has been much controversy as to what really happened when Srebrenica was attacked by the Serbian military and the UN soldiers, who were suppose to protect them, stood-by without taking any action. The armed, merciless Serbian army attacked this vulnerable town and murdered children, women and men, whom were unarmed and posed no threat, in cold blood. For those who were not killed in this vicious rage, they were taken prisoner and sent to different locations without knowing what their destiny held. These hostages were physically tied up and beaten until they laid lifeless on the concrete pavement where they were left for days without any food or water. The captives that were extremely wounded were left for several...

W4 D566 Sentiment & Social Analytics using Text & Web Based Mining Essay

W4 D566 Sentiment & Social Analytics using Text & Web Based Mining - Essay Example They are useful for examining the social structure and interdependencies (or work patterns) of individuals or organizations. SNA involves collecting data from multiple sources (such as surveys, emails, blogs and other electronic artifacts), analyzing the data to identify relationships, and mining it for new information† (Social Networking Analysis, 2013, p. 1). The relationships among these terminologies include the collection of information about people’s sharing of information through posts, ideas, and other communication medium and identification of some evident pattern or trend. The disparities among these terms include the use or medium to disseminate crucial information solicited through social analysis: social analytics, per se, is broader in range; while SNA specifically identified social networks as the predominant medium of information

Checkout paper # 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Checkout paper # 3 - Essay Example I love my dog because she is a good companion but of late she has been giving me problems. She messes around especially the carpet and my neighbors often complain about her. At one time she was injured by my neighbor’s child. I can see that you are angry for your dog because she makes the carpet dirty. However, I have done some researches and discovered that pet lovers ought to be patient with their pets since they have a habit of messing around in most cases. I then posed this question: What do you think must be done then? However, I realised that I had blundered by asking this question since the client was seeking help in order to address the problem. Therefore, for self disclosure, I sympathized with the client and indicated that as human beings, we always feel the same way when we clean the mess by the dogs. I paraphrased my question so that the customer could shed more light about her feelings towards this dog. She responded by saying: From this response, I realised that my customer was mainly concerned with finding a lasting solution to this problem rather than disposing the dog. I responded to the client by indicating that a dog can be trained but this can be done over time. This response gave my client renewed hope about changing the behaviour of her dog. I used strategies such as reflection, summarization paraphrasing as well as clarification in carrying out this task. I have learnt a lot of new things in as far as interviewing is concerned. In terms of non verbal communication, I maintained a steady eye contact and I would also use some facial expressions when talking to my client. I also listened very carefully to her as she spoke. However, one weakness I have noted about my interviewing technique is that some of my questions were too direct. For instance, I said: â€Å"What do you think should be done?† I do not think that this question should be asked to the client who has come for help. Essentially, the interviewer should suggest

Recearch paper 2 Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Recearch paper 2 - Statistics Project Example According to the results and analysis of obtained data presented â€Å"in the July 2001 SUR11 for study 091and the Clinical Study Report (CSR) filed with the FDA in July 200316 for study 078.17 This analysis provided evidence of the excess risk associated with rofecoxib for noncancer deaths (HR, 2.71; 95%CI, 1.57-4.68; P_.001). Most of this excess was due to heart disease deaths (HR, 3.84; 95% CI, 1.54-9.51). The independent analysis also confirmed the increased risk of total mortality (HR, 2.13; 95%CI, 1.36-3.33; P_.001) first identified by the sponsor’s statistician in April 2001.14†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Psaty & Kronmal, 2008). In any case, the analysis was on the intention-to-treat principle that encompassed different events occurring within a span of 1 year of protocol 091 including additional 14 days employed in following up of the patients in order to ascertain the condition. Median is the statistical measure vividly described in the article. In the article, confirm that after the medication period of following up was the median of up to 1.7 years. In order to attain this median value as one of the measures of central tendency, the researchers used Cox Model, which was later on adjusted for purposes of accumulating ate and sex (Psaty & Kronmal, 2008). In statistics, median is the middle value or number in a given set of data. In order to find the median or middle value, the given set of data is arranged in value order from the highest to the lowest of from the lowest to the highest (Psaty & Kronmal, 2008). After arranging the data in ascending or descending order, the middle value becomes median, a measure of central tendency. 2. Interpret Inferences. Do one of the following, in everyday language without any special mathematical symbols; and make sure to have the correct measures and units. (a) Pick 3 confidence intervals (CI) from the article and give a formal interpretation for each. Answer the question: Which one is the most

Struggle between good and evil Essay Example for Free

Struggle between good and evil Essay This is similar to Romantic poets as they often wrote about the idealization of nature. Robert Walton experiences the isolation of the North Pole. stretched out in every direction, vast and irregular plains of ice, which seemed to have no end. Shelley has used the isolation of Robert Walton in order for a bond to be created between Robert and Frankenstein. This in time would result in Frankenstein being able to converse and inform Walton about the Monster. Without the isolation of both Robert and Victor they wouldnt be able to relate to one another. Pathetic fallacy is often used in order to create the setting. Suddenly a heavy storm of rain descended. Just after the wedding between Elizabeth and Frankenstein when they are on the boat, Frankenstein becomes anxious and worried about the safety of Elizabeth, this is indicated by the weather. Suspense and mystery are often used in gothic literature. Mary generates a tension, suspense and anxiety before the monster comes. he worked for nearly two years For this I had deprived myself of rest and health. She is trying to show us how important and key event that is going to occur and how much it meant to Victor. She does this in order to bring a greater shock to the reader when she describes us of what a great disaster he has created. one hand was stretched out, seemingly to detain me, but I escaped and rushed downstairs. Here she gives us a deeper understanding of the scary atmosphere by saying how the monster was trying to kill his creator and just how awful, ruthless and hideous this monster really was. The Monster also declares a threat to Frankenstein after he destroys the female Monster that the Monster had asked him to create. It is well. I go; but remember, I shall be with you on your wedding-night. This threat is applied to generate a build up of suspense. This threat is also echoed in Frankensteins mind in anticipation of his actual wedding night. Maybe Mary Shelley is exploring her own history in Frankenstein by using the style of her fathers novels and her mothers ideas. From my personal view Mary Shelley doesnt only explore in Frankenstein an academic view, but the book explores a personal and emotional point of view. In other words, she is exploring the origins and nature of life itself in a radical sense. The gothic style provides her with a wonderful atmosphere in which to explore how the future can be thought about in the terms of the past. I also think that this novel written in 1818 can not discount the fact that it was written three years after Wellington defeated Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815. What was put aside was the spectre of Napoleons desire to control the world as known then, we see the confrontation of the medieval megalomania being triumphed over. Perhaps, Shelley is using the gothic style in order to look to the future. Shelley makes use of rhetoric in order to persuade the reader. She does this by getting Robert Waltons isolation at the beginning, meeting the intermediate isolation of Frankenstein and the future isolation of the monster by allowing them to encounter each other in the gothic mode, hauntingly. Frankenstein the novel, illustrates the gothic by placing it in the context of a gothic castle where Frankenstein does his experiments. It looks back to the middle ages where the wild, the mystery, the horror, are used to chill the spine and curdle the blood. Mary Shelley uses a gothic style to explore the romanticism of the period by trying to explain life itself and how scary a question that is. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Holistic and interconnected

Holistic and interconnected Olivia Wray 13AL ASSIGNMENT 4 UNIT 3 Holistic and interconnected The development of children is often studied as separate topics, for example their different skills are viewed and measured in different ways. However, each area of development influences the others, and is interconnected. Each different development skill is seen differently in every child. Holistic; can be viewed as PIES, physical intellectual emotional and social development. Physical development is a gradual process by which children develop the use and control of muscles. Intellectual development is sometimes called cognitive development, its a process by which thought processes develop so children are able to increase their knowledge and understanding of the world around them; social development involves children learning how to develop relationships and interact with other people. Emotional development is the process of a child developing an understanding of, and controlling their own emotions and learning to express and control emotions that they show to others. The most important years for the holistic and interconnected development of children are most important in the age range 0-3. Different rates but broadly the same sequence Because children develop at different rates, parents and guardians often worry their child is not developing or growing at the correct rate. However, because children grow and develop at different rates, its usually still in the same sequence, and the differences are only minute. This means that children will learn to do things at different ages to each other, but they will have learned things in the same order. An example may be that some children might be able to walk at the age one, where as other might not be able to, until they are 18 months. All childrens milestones will be met when they are ready, however a child cannot walk before they can sit up, the order in which we learn to do things is a ‘norm, its the only way our body will function and work correctly, or else we would not develop at the correct rate. All children are different and unique in different ways, and when they are growing parents and guardians often compare their childs development and growth to other children and the mile stones, however, as children will develop and grow at different times, they will generally be quite similar unless they have a growing deficiency or some other genetic problem that may affect their growth. Nature/Nurture Debate It has already been considered that the influence of nature and nurture in the development of babies and children can be viewed as a debate, but there are other controversies surrounding the principle of development, the nature nurture debate can turn into an argument, as different parents have different parenting skills, and bring their children up with different disciplinary skills etc. An example of the nature nurture debate is what Developmental psychologists say and their differing views about the nature of the change in development. The issue of quantitative and qualitative change raises interesting questions, for parents also. When a child is born ‘clever, it can be questioned whether their parent have a lot of money and could just provide the relevant and best materials for their education, this is just an example. Children may reach milestones of development at different ages. For example, when children take their first step or say their first word, can vary greatly. Milestones are often used to measure development, such as when a child can sit without support. These milestones have to be used with care as the whole (or holistic) development of a child should be considered before drawing any conclusions. However, there is generally accepted range of normal development. Following a milestone, isnt the best way to monitor a childs development, as every child is individual and will vary significantly. THEORIES- nature/ nurture debate The nature-nurture debate is about whether childrens development is influenced by nature (the effect of inherited) or nurture (environmental factors). Because every person who is a parent or guardian, hopes for their child to be happy and healthy, and develop at the expected mile stone rates, parents find bringing up their children and giving them the best really important for a successful development. The potential for growth and development is affected by inherited factors. This is called the interaction with nature. In addition, factors within our environment influence development. This is called the interaction of nurture. There is much debate about how much and in what way either nature and/ nurture affects the process of development- known as the nature-nurture debate. Supporters of the nature side of the argument believe that intelligence is inborn, or innate, and the childs genes have determined their cognitive potential. Supporters of nurture believe that environmental factors, such as the childs stimulating experiences in the early years, have a strong influence on cognitive development. It is generally considered that both nature and nurture interact and influence the developmental process. Stages and sequences- normal ranges of development Children develop at different rates for a variety of reasons. However, development does follow the same sequence. The upper part of the body, especially the brain and head, develops rapidly, while the lower part of the body follows more slowly. This is called head to toe or cephalo-caudal development. Also, development starts from the centre outwards. This is called inner to outer or proximodistal development. Hence, a baby can hold its head up before it can stand and can wave its arms around before it develops fine control over the use of its hands. As there is no such thing as ‘normal development, it can be difficult to follow stages and sequences, as development is individual, and cant be measured in comparison to any one elses. Percentiles Percentile charts help to keep a record of your childs growth and development. Percentile charts are important for keeping track of individuals and comparing their heights weight and other bodily measurements, to expected milestones. Physical development Gross and fine motor skills Gross motor skills are the large muscles of the body that enable functions such as walking, maintaining balance, co ordination, jumping and reaching. During development children reach milestones according to their development individually. At the same time as a childs gross motor movements are developing, so are their fine motor skills. In order for children to develop motor control, children need to: Practice to improve and master the skill Concentrate on small parts of the overall skill, e.g. children learn to place two feet to a stair before developing the more complex skill of alternate feet action. Pay a lot of attention to the action; later they can do the action almost automatically. Have experience of a range of movement activities to develop their memory of motor actions enabling them to cope with more complex situations. 0-3 Newborn babies are born with certain reflexes. These are involuntary, automatic, physical responses, triggered by a stimulus and determined by impulses in nerves. Everybody has some reflexes, for example knees jerk when tapped, which you do not learn to do; they are inborn. This means you cannot control whether you react or not, however as we get older we become more aware of reactions in our bodies and what stimulates our bodies. The large movements include gross motor actions, which involve the use of the whole limb, for example when hopping. Also locomotive skills which are movements needed to travel, for example crawling and walking. These gross motor skills will develop through out your life, babies often are flexible and as they grow and get older, they become less flexible, this is just an example of how motor skills will develop and change, affecting children and babies lives as they begin to do things for themselves and provide for themselves, this relates to the nature nurture debate as it is argued by some that our natural ways of fending for ourselves could be mistaken for the way we are brought up and the environment we are brought up in. Reflexes enable babies to survive, for example seeking and then taking their food. At such a young age gross and fine motor skills are extremely important as they will need to be able to fend for themselves and be able to do things for them selves as they get older, although through a lot of early child hood everythings done for you, by the age of three you usually start going to a care placement, where everything cant be done for you, and this is when children really do have to use their developed skills and start developing new ones. For each individual child they will develop and grow at different rates, this includes their gross motor skills. The patterns in which children develop can depend on many things, and at such a young age, the baby now will wholly depend on their parent/carer. However children are constantly learning new ways in moving, experimenting with their bodies and learning new things about how they can move and ‘travel. The babies reflexes will depend on how they react to some things, again, every child is different, as some children will be physically stronger than others whilst others will be more tame and ‘sensitive, making their reflexes and reaction rates different. The factors that may affect childrens development is their physical state, for example their weight, and their muscle tone. As children between 0 and 3 years, will be growing at a rapid rate, it can sometimes be difficult to be aware of both gross motor and fine motor skills. As a child learns intellectually, with different materials and toys, they will use a number of grasps and skills to control and enjoy what they are doing successfully. For example a 6 month year old is not going to be able to control the movement of a crayon; however an 18 month year old may be able to draw basic shapes, at least to the extent where you can tell what the picture is of. This example shows the rates in which babies and children are changing, and the rates in which they become more and more aware of different skills that they can use. Fine motor and gross motor skills will be learnt and put into practice by different individuals at different times and in different ways. From researching gross motor and fine motor skills I now know that, physical appearance will affect intellectual thoughts, as ridiculous as it may seem childrens learning ability can be affected by their confidence and awareness; if a child doesnt have the confidence to try new skills and ways of doing things at such a young age, they clearly wont be confident enough in their future, the times when they need to do things for themselves and fend for themselves. 3-7 By the age 3-7 childrens gross motor and fine motor skills have developed. Not all children develop at the expected mile stones but in schools and nurseries there are expectations which expect to be met, adult expectations will influence children to develop skills and will then be praised and rewarded for developing them. Runs well, marches, rides tricycle. Can feed self. Pours from jug. Puts on shoes and socks, buttons and unbuttons. Builds 10- block tower. Is awkward when cutting with scissors. Can wash face and dress self except for tying shoes. Throws ball overhand. Has lots of energy. Hops, skips, and has good balance. Dresses without help and ties shoes. Can print simple letters. Is right or left handed? Competes with friends. Loves to cut, colour, and shape things. Has lots of energy. Likes learning how to use tools. Can bathe and dress with a little help from parents. Is losing baby teeth and growing permanent teeth I have taken these points from a number of places which I have researched. These are just average things children may be able to do, however, some children might be able to do more or less. 7-12 At this age, children can hop on either leg, and balance well along small spaces, their space recognition has improved and they are more aware of what is possible and not. The gross motor skills at this age have increased in both stamina and accuracy, they are also more able to control their bodily actions, and have developed a number of skills. 12-16 Between the ages of 12-16, children will have developed most or all of their fine motor and gross motor skills. As these children have gone through different stages of education they will have picked skills up and used them in their everyday lives, without even knowing. For example holding a pen and controlling it to write in both scroll and print, this is a talent to be able to do, even though the children think its just normal, it does require a number of skills and concentration. 12-16, is the age when puberty starts, and as research has shown children now will start to crave independence, this makes children want to explore with their bodies more and use different techniques when doing things, such as learning a new sport, or taking up a hobby such as art. Emotional development Attachment In children attachment and bonding is a process in which young children form close and loving relationships with their family, and other important people in their lives, such as brothers and sisters, and close friends. Even their early years care workers will have a relationship with the child, and it will be so close that they have built trust and a bond. Close relationships give children a feeling of security and love. This security helps children to cope with new experiences and new situations they may have to face in life. The child needs people in their lives that they can trust and rely on, whilst developing self confidence in the process. Bowlby a child psychologist researched in depth childrens attachment needs and the consequences of lack of attachment. Bowlbys theory relates to the bonds of attachment in children, and explains the relationships children need and want in their lives. Bowlby explained that children develop bonds of attachment through out their lives with different people involved in their lives; he also went on to explaining how relationships can give children a sense of belonging and security. To Bowlby, attachment is trusting, loving and being able to rely on someone that is involved in their lives. New situations and experiences will come into childrens lives, and according to Bowlby, it is through these experiences that children become aware of different personalities in people, and who they should and shouldnt trust. Bowlby also argued that children with lack of attachment grow up to be more insecure, and crave love/attention, often getting them in bad relationships and becoming insecure and over protective. Development of multiple attachments Developing multiple attachments means developing relationships and trust with more than just family, ‘going out the box, meaning they meet new people who become significantly important to them and a relationship is build, forming a bond of attachment. Its important that a xchild doesnt feel fearful in the presence of new adults and children in their lives, they need to feel safe and secure at all times, knowing that who they are with will protect and understand them. Self-concept A self concept is important in a childs life, as it is how they feel about themselves. Self concept is how you look at yourself, and even young children have opinions of themselves and ways they would like to change themselves. Parents and guardians have a duty to praise their children and make them feel good about themselves, for example if a child is of a different culture they may feel ‘out of place, they are not out of place or any different to any other child so parents and carers have a duty to let them know and make sure they feel good about themselves. Personal identity Personal identity is how a child views and judges themselves. Everybody has a personal identity, and will judge it whether they feel negative or positive about themselves, personality or looks. Self esteem and self concept are both factors that will affect personal identity. Bowlby Bowlby drew together such limited empirical evidence as existed at the time from across Europe and the USA. His main conclusions, that â€Å"the infant and young child should experience a warm, intimate, and continuous relationship with his mother (or permanent mother substitute) in which both find satisfaction and enjoyment† and that not to do so may have significant and irreversible mental health consequences, were both controversial and influential. The 1951 WHO publication was highly influential in causing widespread changes in the practices and prevalence of institutional care for infants and children, and in changing practices relating to the visiting of infants and small children in hospitals by parents. The theoretical basis was controversial in many ways. He broke with psychoanalytic theories which saw infants internal life as being determined by fantasy rather than real life events. Some critics profoundly disagreed with the necessity for maternal (or equivalent) love in order to function normally, or that the formation of an ongoing relationship with a child was an important part of parenting. Others questioned the extent to which his hypothesis was supported by the evidence. There was criticism of the confusion of the effects of privation (no primary attachment figure) and deprivation (loss of the primary attachment figure) and in particular, a failure to distinguish between the effects of the lack of a primary attachment figure and the other forms of deprivation and understimulation that may affect children in institutions.. Bowlbys theory is based on attachment, and he explains that when a child forms an attachment with some one they are in a process in which they are forming a relationship, whether it be with family, or with friends, The closer an attachment forms, the more trust that is built, children will often start to rely on people they build attachments with, they will look for security in them and expect a strong relationship. Freud Freud has been influential in two related but distinct ways. He simultaneously developed a theory of how the human mind is organized and operates internally, and a theory of how human behavior both conditions and results from this particular theoretical understanding. This led him to favor certain clinical techniques for attempting to help cure psychopathology. He theorized that personality is developed by the persons childhood experiences. Emotional development of older children 0-3 At a young age babies and toddlers are starting to develop different concepts and abstract ideas, based on the senses of growing and understanding. Babies and children explore using their own senses through activity and movement. They also like to give and receive eye contact as this gives an attachment and makes them feel emotionally involved with the person, this links into Bowlbys theory of attachment. At this age, whether they are a couple of months or 3, they love to get cuddles, and be fed through a bottle, or have contact during feed, bottle or breast. Feeding time gives children a sense of feeling, and they feel close to their parent or guardian, when a child is a couple of months old, they often like to be held close to their guardian, and it reminds them of being in the womb, where they felt safe and secure. Babies respond to things that they see hear and feel, this can be done through play, activity and feeding. All which are important factors for influencing the growth and development in a childs life. At such young ages it is important that young babies and children have plenty of physical contact, and time with their parents, this will form an emotional attachment and they will be ware of the feelings they have for different people they meet during their lives. When babies and children feel emotion it is often because they are happy, or upset, babies between the ages of 0 and 3, wont often feel anger, as they dont understand what feeling angry feels like, however, in some cases they become confused about how they feel, which could be angry. It is important that parents and guardians of children do everything they can to protect and maintain happiness in a childs life. Not caring for the emotional needs of a baby, is emotional abuse, as they dont understand how they should feel, but only how they do feel. Often abusers of children will start with putting things in childrens heads, its not until they are old enough to know how their emotions work. Emotional development in such a young age will start with a child becoming content, and then not content, they will feel safe and secure, then as soon as their parents or guardians leave them, even for a couple of seconds they become distressed and upset, this is just an example of how children emotional development will work. 3-7 At this age children often like to do things unaided, they enjoy being with family, and love playing with other children and alone. They have developed a skill where they can show emotion appropriately, and can view things from different points of view. Children at this age know rules, morals and values in life, and are more able to share toys, ideas and know how to take turns. They have developed a gender role now and are aware that boys and girls are different and will enjoy different things, making friends and having friends for a child of 3-7, is extremely important. 7-12 Children at this age will be able to control how they feel about other people and different situations. They know how to keep their own thoughts private, and hide their true feelings. They dont only know who they are, but know who or what they would like to be like, they become critical about themselves and start wanting changes, for example putting their mam or sisters make up. At school and where they live children start to form close relationships with other children, often sticking to their own sex. 12-16 This age is when they are experiencing education, exams and facing up to different morals. They will be physically and intellectually developing rapidly, causing sexual feelings for others, and thought of how they want to change! Children will often be going through puberty now and this will cause a lot of how they feel about themselves and others. Social development Parents show a great deal of interest in their childs developing personality. Even babies only a few weeks old display distinct personalities. Personality is thought to be a result of a combination of nature and nurture. In other words, it is influenced not only by what is inherited from parents, but also by our environment. The childs initial temperament affects the childs developing personality. Environmental factors then come into play. Our experiences are very important in forming our personality. Some babies are very placid and easily soothed, whilst others seem to find it difficult to settle. The reaction of parents and carers to difficult children is taught to be crucial in reinforcing this type of temperament or helping not to emphasise it. An important aspect of social development is the development of children moral or pre social behaviour. The family, other significant adults and children have an important role to play in this. Pro social behaviour Pro social behaviour is how a child intends to act socially, they might want to make new friends at school, but find it hard, and they might want to be involved in a social group but feel embarrassed or not good enough. Being influenced is important for a childs social skills to develop, if they are from a family who dont really socialise and just stay together as a unit, the child will think thats the norm and wont want to socialise- this is a key issue as children need socialise as a factor of development in life. Moral development Moral development comes from children seeing or doing something ‘wrong and facing consequences, then learning from then. Children need to do and see things go wrong in order to learn from them. Some children find it difficult to identify wrong and right, meaning they dont understand what morals are; also what is and isnt acceptable. Development of aggression Aggression can develop in a child as they get older, have behavioural difficulties, or suffer from some sort of abuse or hard time in their lives. When children let things build up in them emotionally, they feel anger for anyone around them, they feel like they need somebody to take their troubles out on. Children can act aggressive when not getting their own way, whether its just the way they are or they are copying someones behaviour from home. Managing unwanted behaviour Many children have behavioural difficulties, which are due to different reasons, not all aimed at the parents nurturing skills but other psychological problems that may consist. Managing unwanted behaviour can only take place by using the correct strategies; most strategies in which promote social and emotional development. Anyone working in an early years setting will be aware of the coping strategies and the different behavioural problems, such as hyperactivity, which wont be completely stopped in the setting, but controlled. Some children who have behavioural problems may use aggression when they find them selves in awkward situations, the child cant help how they are acting so it is important that an adult controls them as they may become anxious and scared. Also it is important that the environment is made suitable for the child, and to treat the child ‘differently to the other, giving them a sense of importance and respect. If a child becomes withdraw, its important that they are made to be included with others, as they will fee more equal in a sense that they arent just the naughty child. Conditioning Classical conditioning may influence behaviour in children and how they behave around certain people. For example children will become relaxed and ‘act themselves around friends, but, when they see their head teacher, will become quieter politer and intimidated. This is a natural reaction, as you expect different rules boundaries and happenings with different people, this happens especially in children. Reinforcement Reinforcing good behaviour is done through prizes and rewards. Children prefer to be rewarded with something they love; and not their something they love to be taken away. Reinforcement can be done in many different ways, and by different people in a childs life; for example if a child misbehaves at school, their teacher telling them if they behave to a standard they will receive a prize, rather than telling them if they misbehave they will lose something they enjoy, such as their lunch break. This good behaviour may be reinforced by a reward of a  £5 note if the childs behaviour has been good during the visit, this is an example of reinforcing good behaviour. Social learning Social learning happens through learning oft those in your every day surroundings. Parents are friends are main influences of social learning and they can copy and develop their personalities and actions, for example if a childs older sister, their role model, smokes, they will want to as well; as they see it as correct or ‘cool, thinking doing this will make them more like their role model. Imitation A younger child imitates the other childs behaviour, e.g. a younger child may copy an older childs use of bad language. Role models Children may see members of their family as role models. For instance, an older sibling gets a reputation at school for behaving badly so the younger child feels the need to follow the family tradition by using the other child as a role model. Adults may reinforce this pattern of behaviour by their expectations based on their knowledge of the family. Cognitive and language development Vision Babys visual sensory system isnt fully mature at birth, however during the early years, babies develop and mature eye sight, meaning they are able to physically see, and develop stimuli, causing them to be able to further away. Babies looked at the face-pattern more than anything else presented to them, meaning they become familiar of faces of family members, parents and anyone involved in their early life, rather than other things such as toys, or books. Fantz a child psychologist that I have researched, concluded that babies have an inborn preference to respond to faces and an innate perceptual knowledge of the face. However other studies carried out have shown that babies have a preference for increasingly complex patterns and their capacity for differentiating patterns steadily develops. From Fantzs research he found out that babies at a very young age are aware of colour shape and patterns, and do start to have preferences before they know what something is. Also, his study showed that when a child is learning to speak etc, seeing a shape they like, for example a strawberry, will help them remember, say and understand the word. Hearing From birth babies seem to have an inborn preference for hearing the human voice. Condor and Sanders carried out some experiments on babies that were just a few hours old, and the experiment showed that